[
  {
    "Question": "What is the primary purpose of the Fourth Amendment in the U.S. Constitution?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government, ensuring privacy and security in their persons, houses, papers, and effects.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US-Constitution-Preamble.jpg/320px-US-Constitution-Preamble.jpg",
    "OptionA": "To guarantee the right to a speedy trial",
    "OptionB": "To protect against unreasonable searches and seizures",
    "OptionC": "To provide the right to bear arms",
    "OptionD": "To prohibit cruel and unusual punishment",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Fourth Amendment Basics",
    "Item": 1,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is generally required before police can conduct a search of a person's home?",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "A warrant issued by a judge based on probable cause is generally required before police can search a person's home, protecting individuals from arbitrary invasions.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/US_Marshals_Service_officer_with_search_warrant.jpg/320px-US_Marshals_Service_officer_with_search_warrant.jpg",
    "OptionA": "A search warrant",
    "OptionB": "A verbal consent from a neighbor",
    "OptionC": "A subpoena",
    "OptionD": "A police officer's suspicion",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Search Warrants",
    "Item": 2,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "What must police demonstrate to obtain a search warrant?",
    "Answer": "C",
    "Explanation": "Police must show probable cause, meaning a reasonable belief that evidence of a crime will be found in the place to be searched.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Reasonable suspicion",
    "OptionB": "Beyond a reasonable doubt",
    "OptionC": "Probable cause",
    "OptionD": "Preponderance of the evidence",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Probable Cause Requirement",
    "Item": 3,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is NOT an exception to the warrant requirement under the Fourth Amendment?",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "The exclusionary rule is a remedy that excludes illegally obtained evidence but is not itself an exception to the warrant requirement.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Consent",
    "OptionB": "Exigent circumstances",
    "OptionC": "Search incident to a lawful arrest",
    "OptionD": "Exclusionary rule",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Exceptions to Warrant Requirement",
    "Item": 4,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "What does the 'exclusionary rule' do in criminal procedure?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "The exclusionary rule prevents evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being used in court against the defendant.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Allows police to use any evidence found during a search",
    "OptionB": "Excludes illegally obtained evidence from trial",
    "OptionC": "Requires police to get a warrant for all searches",
    "OptionD": "Permits warrantless searches in all cases",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Exclusionary Rule",
    "Item": 5,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following best describes 'probable cause'?",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Probable cause means there is a reasonable basis for believing that a crime may have been committed or that evidence is present in the place to be searched.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "A reasonable belief supported by facts",
    "OptionB": "A mere hunch or suspicion",
    "OptionC": "Proof beyond a reasonable doubt",
    "OptionD": "A formal accusation by a prosecutor",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Understanding Probable Cause",
    "Item": 6,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is an example of a 'search incident to a lawful arrest'?",
    "Answer": "C",
    "Explanation": "Police may search the person and the immediate area within their control at the time of a lawful arrest to ensure officer safety and prevent destruction of evidence.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Police_officer_arresting_a_suspect.jpg/320px-Police_officer_arresting_a_suspect.jpg",
    "OptionA": "Searching a home without a warrant",
    "OptionB": "Searching a car after a traffic stop without cause",
    "OptionC": "Searching a suspect's pockets after arrest",
    "OptionD": "Searching a neighbor's property",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Search Incident to Arrest",
    "Item": 7,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following best describes 'exigent circumstances' as an exception to the warrant requirement?",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "Exigent circumstances allow police to conduct a warrantless search or seizure when there is an urgent need, such as preventing harm or destruction of evidence.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "When police have a warrant but no consent",
    "OptionB": "When police have reasonable suspicion only",
    "OptionC": "When police arrest someone outside their home",
    "OptionD": "When urgent action is needed to prevent danger or loss of evidence",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Exigent Circumstances Exception",
    "Item": 8,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Can police search a vehicle without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe it contains contraband?",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Yes, under the automobile exception, police may search a vehicle without a warrant if they have probable cause to believe it contains evidence or contraband.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Police_car_searching_vehicle.jpg/320px-Police_car_searching_vehicle.jpg",
    "OptionA": "Yes, under the automobile exception",
    "OptionB": "No, a warrant is always required",
    "OptionC": "Only if the driver consents",
    "OptionD": "Only if the vehicle is parked on private property",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Automobile Exception",
    "Item": 9,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "What is 'consent' as an exception to the warrant requirement?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "Consent means the individual voluntarily agrees to allow the police to conduct a search without a warrant or probable cause.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Police forcibly entering a home without a warrant",
    "OptionB": "Voluntary agreement to a search by the person in control",
    "OptionC": "Police searching after an arrest without a warrant",
    "OptionD": "Police searching a vehicle after a traffic stop",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Consent Exception",
    "Item": 10,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is NOT protected by the Fourth Amendment?",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures of persons, houses, papers, and effects, but it does not protect against all government actions such as grand jury subpoenas.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "A person's home",
    "OptionB": "Personal belongings",
    "OptionC": "Private papers",
    "OptionD": "Grand jury subpoenas",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Scope of Fourth Amendment Protections",
    "Item": 11,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "What is the 'plain view' doctrine in relation to the Fourth Amendment?",
    "Answer": "C",
    "Explanation": "The plain view doctrine allows police to seize evidence without a warrant if it is clearly visible while they are lawfully present in a location.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Police can search any area they want without a warrant",
    "OptionB": "Police need a warrant to seize any evidence",
    "OptionC": "Police can seize evidence in plain sight during a lawful presence",
    "OptionD": "Police can only seize evidence with the owner's consent",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Plain View Doctrine",
    "Item": 12,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following best describes a 'stop and frisk' under the Fourth Amendment?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "A stop and frisk allows police to briefly detain a person based on reasonable suspicion and pat down their outer clothing for weapons if they believe the person is armed and dangerous.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Police_officer_performing_a_stop_and_frisk.jpg/320px-Police_officer_performing_a_stop_and_frisk.jpg",
    "OptionA": "A full search of a person's home without a warrant",
    "OptionB": "A brief detention and pat-down based on reasonable suspicion",
    "OptionC": "An arrest without probable cause",
    "OptionD": "A warrantless search of a vehicle",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Stop and Frisk",
    "Item": 13,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "When can police conduct a warrantless search of a person's cellphone incident to arrest?",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "Following the Supreme Court ruling in Riley v. California, police generally need a warrant to search digital information on a cellphone, even incident to arrest, due to privacy concerns.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Smartphone_2018.jpg/320px-Smartphone_2018.jpg",
    "OptionA": "Always, without any restrictions",
    "OptionB": "Only if the phone is turned off",
    "OptionC": "Only if the suspect consents",
    "OptionD": "Generally only with a warrant, even incident to arrest",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Cellphone Searches Incident to Arrest",
    "Item": 14,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following best describes 'reasonable suspicion' in the context of the Fourth Amendment?",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Reasonable suspicion is a lower standard than probable cause and allows police to briefly detain a person for investigation if they have specific and articulable facts suggesting criminal activity.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Specific and articulable facts supporting a suspicion of criminal activity",
    "OptionB": "Proof beyond a reasonable doubt",
    "OptionC": "A mere hunch or gut feeling",
    "OptionD": "Probable cause to arrest",
    "TestName": "Criminal Procedure - Fourth Amendment",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Reasonable Suspicion",
    "Item": 15,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Criminal Procedure/Fourth Amendment"
  }
]