[
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is a valid defense to the formation of a contract based on capacity?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "Minors generally lack the legal capacity to enter into contracts, making such contracts voidable at the minor's option.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Minor_signing_contract.jpg/320px-Minor_signing_contract.jpg",
    "OptionA": "A contract entered into by a person over 18 years old",
    "OptionB": "A contract entered into by a 16-year-old minor",
    "OptionC": "A contract entered into by a corporation",
    "OptionD": "A contract entered into by a government agency",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 1,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Capacity"
  },
  {
    "Question": "What is duress in the context of contract formation?",
    "Answer": "C",
    "Explanation": "Duress occurs when one party is forced or threatened into entering a contract, making the contract voidable.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "A mutual mistake about contract terms",
    "OptionB": "A minor entering a contract",
    "OptionC": "A threat of harm to force agreement",
    "OptionD": "An unconscionable contract term",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 2,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Duress"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following best describes fraud as a defense to contract formation?",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Fraud involves intentional misrepresentation of a material fact that induces the other party to enter into the contract.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fraud_icon.svg/120px-Fraud_icon.svg.png",
    "OptionA": "Intentional misrepresentation to induce agreement",
    "OptionB": "Accidental mistake about contract terms",
    "OptionC": "Lack of capacity due to age",
    "OptionD": "Contract terms that are unfair",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 3,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Fraud"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Unconscionability as a defense to contract formation means:",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "Unconscionability refers to contract terms that are so unfair or one-sided that they shock the conscience of the court.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "A contract signed under duress",
    "OptionB": "A contract with a minor",
    "OptionC": "A contract that is not in writing",
    "OptionD": "A contract with extremely unfair terms",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 4,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Unconscionability"
  },
  {
    "Question": "The Statute of Frauds requires certain contracts to be in writing to be enforceable. Which of the following contracts typically falls under the Statute of Frauds?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "Contracts for the sale of land must be in writing under the Statute of Frauds to be enforceable.",
    "PictureURL": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Real_estate_contract.jpg/320px-Real_estate_contract.jpg",
    "OptionA": "A contract for the sale of goods worth $50",
    "OptionB": "A contract for the sale of real estate",
    "OptionC": "A contract for services to be performed in one week",
    "OptionD": "A contract between two minors",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 5,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/StatuteOfFrauds"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is NOT a typical defense to contract formation?",
    "Answer": "C",
    "Explanation": "Performance issues relate to contract breach or enforcement, not formation defenses.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Lack of capacity",
    "OptionB": "Duress",
    "OptionC": "Poor performance",
    "OptionD": "Fraud",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 6,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/General"
  },
  {
    "Question": "If a person is mentally incapacitated at the time of contract formation, the contract is generally:",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Contracts entered into by mentally incapacitated persons are voidable to protect those lacking capacity.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Voidable",
    "OptionB": "Valid and enforceable",
    "OptionC": "Void",
    "OptionD": "Unconscionable",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 7,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Capacity"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following statements about duress is true?",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "Economic duress can also be a defense if one party uses wrongful economic pressure to force agreement.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Duress only involves physical threats",
    "OptionB": "Duress makes a contract automatically void",
    "OptionC": "Duress applies only to minors",
    "OptionD": "Economic pressure can constitute duress",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 8,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Duress"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which element is NOT required to prove fraud as a defense to contract formation?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "Mutual mistake is a separate defense and not an element of fraud.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Intentional misrepresentation",
    "OptionB": "Mutual mistake",
    "OptionC": "Material fact",
    "OptionD": "Justifiable reliance",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 9,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Fraud"
  },
  {
    "Question": "A contract is unconscionable when:",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Unconscionability involves both procedural unfairness (e.g., surprise, lack of negotiation) and substantive unfairness (e.g., overly harsh terms).",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Terms are extremely one-sided and unfair",
    "OptionB": "Both parties fully understand and agree",
    "OptionC": "The contract is oral instead of written",
    "OptionD": "The contract is between two corporations",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 10,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Unconscionability"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following contracts does NOT typically require a writing under the Statute of Frauds?",
    "Answer": "C",
    "Explanation": "Contracts that can be performed within one year do not generally require a writing under the Statute of Frauds.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Contracts for the sale of goods over $500",
    "OptionB": "Contracts in consideration of marriage",
    "OptionC": "Contracts that can be performed within one year",
    "OptionD": "Contracts for the sale of land",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 11,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/StatuteOfFrauds"
  },
  {
    "Question": "If a minor enters into a contract, the contract is generally:",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "Contracts with minors are voidable at the minor's option to protect them from unwise agreements.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Automatically void",
    "OptionB": "Voidable by the minor",
    "OptionC": "Fully enforceable",
    "OptionD": "Unconscionable",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 12,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Capacity"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following best illustrates economic duress?",
    "Answer": "D",
    "Explanation": "Economic duress occurs when one party threatens financial harm to force the other party to agree.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Physical threat to sign a contract",
    "OptionB": "Misrepresentation of contract terms",
    "OptionC": "Unfair contract terms",
    "OptionD": "Threat to withhold payment unless contract is signed",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 13,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Duress"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following is required for the Statute of Frauds to apply to a contract for the sale of goods?",
    "Answer": "B",
    "Explanation": "The Statute of Frauds applies to contracts for the sale of goods priced at $500 or more.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "Goods priced under $100",
    "OptionB": "Goods priced at $500 or more",
    "OptionC": "Any sale of goods regardless of price",
    "OptionD": "Only sales of real estate",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 14,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/StatuteOfFrauds"
  },
  {
    "Question": "Which of the following statements about unconscionability is correct?",
    "Answer": "A",
    "Explanation": "Courts may refuse to enforce contracts or terms that are found to be unconscionable to prevent unfair surprise or oppression.",
    "PictureURL": "",
    "OptionA": "It protects parties from unfair or oppressive contract terms",
    "OptionB": "It applies only to contracts with minors",
    "OptionC": "It requires the contract to be in writing",
    "OptionD": "It is a defense based on physical threats",
    "TestName": "Contracts Practice Test",
    "Content Type": "Question",
    "Title": "Contracts – Defenses to Formation",
    "Item": 15,
    "Type": "multiple choice",
    "Path": "Contracts/DefensesToFormation/Unconscionability"
  }
]